1) 概念:表示过去的过去
----|-----|-----|---->其构成是had +过去分词构成。
那时|以前|那时|现在
2) 用法
a.在told、said、knew、heard、thought等动词后的宾语从句。
例句:She said (that) she had never been to Paris.
b. 状语从句
在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,发生在先,用过去完成时;发生在后,用一般过去时。
例句:When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.
c. 表示意向的动词,如:hope、wish、expect、think、intend、mean、suppose等,用过去完成时表示"原本…,未能…"。
例句:We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
3)过去完成时的时间状语before、by、until、when、after、once、as soon as。
例句:
He said that he had learned some English before.
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
例题:
The students ______ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ______ in the office.
A. had written, left;B. were writing, has left;
C. had written, had left;D. were writing, had left;
答案:D。
解析:"把书忘在办公室"发生在"去取书"这一过去的动作之前,因此"忘了书"这一动作发生在过去的过去,用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点,表示在"同学们正忙于……"这一背景下,when所引导的动作发生。因此前一句应用过去进行时。
注意:
had no … when:还没等…… 就……
had no sooner… than:刚…… 就……
例句:He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.